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A fraction (from Latin: fractus, "broken") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters. A common, vulgar, or simple fraction (examples: $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{17}{3}$) consists of an integer numerator, displayed above a line (or before a slash like 1⁄2), and a non-zero integer denominator, displayed below (or after) that line. If these integers are positive, then the numerator represents a number of equal parts, and the denominator indicates how many of those parts make up a unit or a whole. For example, in the fraction ⁠3/4⁠, the numerator 3 indicates that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator 4 indicates that 4 parts make up a whole. The picture to the right illustrates ⁠3/4⁠ of a cake.

Fractions can be used to represent ratios and division. Thus the fraction ⁠3/4⁠ can be used to represent the ratio 3:4 (the ratio of the part to the whole), and the division 3 ÷ 4 (three divided by four).

We can also write negative fractions, which represent the opposite of a positive fraction. For example, if ⁠1/2⁠ represents a half-dollar profit, then −⁠1/2⁠ represents a half-dollar loss. Because of the rules of division of signed numbers (which states in part that negative divided by positive is negative), −⁠1/2⁠, ⁠−1/2⁠ and ⁠1/−2⁠ all represent the same fraction – negative one-half. And because a negative divided by a negative produces a positive, ⁠−1/−2⁠ represents positive one-half.

In mathematics a rational number is a number that can be represented by a fraction of the form ⁠a/b⁠, where a and b are integers and b is not zero; the set of all rational numbers is commonly represented by the symbol Q or ⁠$Q$⁠, which stands for quotient. The term fraction and the notation ⁠a/b⁠ can also be used for mathematical expressions that do not represent a rational number (for example $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$), and even do not represent any number (for example the rational fraction $\frac{1}{x}$).