U+23AE was added to Unicode in version 3.2 (2002). It belongs to the block Miscellaneous Technical in the Basic Multilingual Plane.
This character is a Math Symbol and is commonly used, that is, in no specific script.
The glyph is not a composition. It has a Neutral East Asian Width. In bidirectional context it acts as Other Neutral and is not mirrored. The glyph can, under circumstances, be confused with 68 other glyphs. In text U+23AE behaves as Alphabetic regarding line breaks. It has type Other for sentence and Other for word breaks. The Grapheme Cluster Break is Any.
The Wikipedia has the following information about this codepoint:
The integral is an important concept in mathematics. Integration is one of the two main operations in calculus, with its inverse, differentiation, being the other. Given a function f of a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral
is defined informally as the signed area of the region in the xy-plane that is bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The area above the x-axis adds to the total and that below the x-axis subtracts from the total.
Roughly speaking, the operation of integration is the reverse of differentiation. For this reason, the term integral may also refer to the related notion of the antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function f. In this case, it is called an indefinite integral and is written:
The integrals discussed in this article are those termed definite integrals. It is the fundamental theorem of calculus that connects differentiation with the definite integral: if f is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an antiderivative F of f is known, the definite integral of f over that interval is given by
The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century, who thought of the integral as an infinite sum of rectangles of infinitesimal width. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. A line integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space.
Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These generalizations of integrals first arose from the needs of physics, and they play an important role in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract mathematical theory known as Lebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue.
System | Representation |
---|---|
Nº | 9134 |
UTF-8 | E2 8E AE |
UTF-16 | 23 AE |
UTF-32 | 00 00 23 AE |
URL-Quoted | %E2%8E%AE |
HTML-Escape | ⎮ |
Wrong windows-1252 Mojibake | â® |
Property | Value |
---|---|
Age (age) | 3.2 |
Unicode Name (na) | INTEGRAL EXTENSION |
Unicode 1 Name (na1) | — |
Block (blk) | Misc_Technical |
General Category (gc) | Math Symbol |
Script (sc) | Common |
Bidirectional Category (bc) | Other Neutral |
Combining Class (ccc) | Not Reordered |
Decomposition Type (dt) | None |
Decomposition Mapping (dm) |
|
Lowercase (Lower) | ✘ |
Simple Lowercase Mapping (slc) |
|
Lowercase Mapping (lc) |
|
Uppercase (Upper) | ✘ |
Simple Uppercase Mapping (suc) |
|
Uppercase Mapping (uc) |
|
Simple Titlecase Mapping (stc) |
|
Titlecase Mapping (tc) |
|
Case Folding (cf) |
|
ASCII Hex Digit (AHex) | ✘ |
Alphabetic (Alpha) | ✘ |
Bidi Control (Bidi_C) | ✘ |
Bidi Mirrored (Bidi_M) | ✘ |
Bidi Paired Bracket (bpb) |
|
Bidi Paired Bracket Type (bpt) | None |
Cased (Cased) | ✘ |
Composition Exclusion (CE) | ✘ |
Case Ignorable (CI) | ✘ |
Full Composition Exclusion (Comp_Ex) | ✘ |
Changes When Casefolded (CWCF) | ✘ |
Changes When Casemapped (CWCM) | ✘ |
Changes When NFKC Casefolded (CWKCF) | ✘ |
Changes When Lowercased (CWL) | ✘ |
Changes When Titlecased (CWT) | ✘ |
Changes When Uppercased (CWU) | ✘ |
Dash (Dash) | ✘ |
Deprecated (Dep) | ✘ |
Default Ignorable Code Point (DI) | ✘ |
Diacritic (Dia) | ✘ |
East Asian Width (ea) | Neutral |
Extender (Ext) | ✘ |
FC NFKC Closure (FC_NFKC) |
|
Grapheme Cluster Break (GCB) | Any |
Grapheme Base (Gr_Base) | ✔ |
Grapheme Extend (Gr_Ext) | ✘ |
Grapheme Link (Gr_Link) | ✘ |
Hex Digit (Hex) | ✘ |
Hangul Syllable Type (hst) | Not Applicable |
Hyphen (Hyphen) | ✘ |
ID Continue (IDC) | ✘ |
Ideographic (Ideo) | ✘ |
ID Start (IDS) | ✘ |
IDS Binary Operator (IDSB) | ✘ |
IDS Trinary Operator and (IDST) | ✘ |
InMC (InMC) | — |
Indic Positional Category (InPC) | NA |
Indic Syllabic Category (InSC) | Other |
ISO 10646 Comment (isc) | — |
Joining Group (jg) | No_Joining_Group |
Join Control (Join_C) | ✘ |
Jamo Short Name (JSN) | — |
Joining Type (jt) | Non Joining |
Line Break (lb) | Alphabetic |
Logical Order Exception (LOE) | ✘ |
Math (Math) | ✔ |
Noncharacter Code Point (NChar) | ✘ |
NFC Quick Check (NFC_QC) | Yes |
NFD Quick Check (NFD_QC) | Yes |
NFKC Casefold (NFKC_CF) |
|
NFKC Quick Check (NFKC_QC) | Yes |
NFKD Quick Check (NFKD_QC) | Yes |
Numeric Type (nt) | None |
Numeric Value (nv) | NaN |
Other Alphabetic (OAlpha) | ✘ |
Other Default Ignorable Code Point (ODI) | ✘ |
Other Grapheme Extend (OGr_Ext) | ✘ |
Other ID Continue (OIDC) | ✘ |
Other ID Start (OIDS) | ✘ |
Other Lowercase (OLower) | ✘ |
Other Math (OMath) | ✘ |
Other Uppercase (OUpper) | ✘ |
Pattern Syntax (Pat_Syn) | ✔ |
Pattern White Space (Pat_WS) | ✘ |
Quotation Mark (QMark) | ✘ |
Radical (Radical) | ✘ |
Sentence Break (SB) | Other |
Simple Case Folding (scf) |
|
Script Extension (scx) | Common |
Soft Dotted (SD) | ✘ |
STerm (STerm) | ✘ |
Terminal Punctuation (Term) | ✘ |
Unified Ideograph (UIdeo) | ✘ |
Variation Selector (VS) | ✘ |
Word Break (WB) | Other |
White Space (WSpace) | ✘ |
XID Continue (XIDC) | ✘ |
XID Start (XIDS) | ✘ |
Expands On NFC (XO_NFC) | ✘ |
Expands On NFD (XO_NFD) | ✘ |
Expands On NFKC (XO_NFKC) | ✘ |
Expands On NFKD (XO_NFKD) | ✘ |