Home: go to the homepage U+4E00 to U+9FFF CJK Unified Ideographs
Glyph for U+8CAB
Source: Noto CJK

U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideo­graph-​8CAB

U+8CAB was added in Unicode version 1.1 in 1993. It belongs to the block U+4E00 to U+9FFF CJK Unified Ideographs in the U+0000 to U+FFFF Basic Multilingual Plane.

This character is a Other Letter and is mainly used in the Han script. The Unihan Database defines it as a string of 1000 coins; to go through. Its Pīnyīn pronunciation is guàn.

The glyph is not a composition. Its East Asian Width is wide. In bidirectional text it is written from left to right. When changing direction it is not mirrored. U+8CAB offers a line break opportunity at its position, except in some numeric contexts. The glyph can be confused with one other glyph.

The Wikipedia has the following information about this codepoint:

A string of cash coins (Traditional Chinese: 貫, 索, 緡, 繦, 鏹, 吊, 串, 弔, 錢貫, 貫錢, 貫文, 吊文, or 串文; French: Ligature de sapèques) refers to a historical Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Ryukyuan, and Vietnamese currency unit that was used as a superunit of the Chinese cash, Japanese mon, Korean mun, Ryukyuan mon, and Vietnamese văn currencies. The square hole in the middle of cash coins served to allow for them to be strung together in strings. The term would later also be used on banknotes and served there as a superunit of wén ().

Prior to the Song dynasty strings of cash coins were called guàn (), suǒ (), or mín (), while during the Ming and Qing dynasties they were called chuàn () or diào (). In Japan and Vietnam the term would continue to be used until the abolition of cash coins in those respective countries.

During the Qing dynasty a string of 1000 cash coins valued at 1 tael of silver, although variants of regional standards as low as 500 cash coins per string also existed. A total of 1000 coins strung together were referred to as a chuàn () or diào () and were accepted by traders and merchants per string because counting the individual coins would cost too much time. Because the strings were often accepted without being checked for damaged coins and coins of inferior quality and copper alloys, these strings would eventually be accepted based on their nominal value rather than their weight; this system is comparable to that of a fiat currency. Because the counting and stringing together of cash coins was such a time-consuming task, people known as qiánpù (錢鋪) would string cash coins together in strings of 100 coins, of which ten would form a single chuàn. The qiánpù would receive payment for their services in the form of taking a few cash coins from every string they composed. Because of this, a chuàn was more likely to consist of 990 coins rather than 1000 coins, and because the profession of qiánpù had become a universally accepted practice, these chuàns were often still nominally valued at 1000 cash coins. The number of coins in a single string was locally determined, as in one district a string could consist of 980 cash coins, while in another district this could only be 965 cash coins. These numbers were based on the local salaries of the qiánpù. During the Qing dynasty the qiánpù would often search for older and rarer coins to sell these to coin collectors at a higher price.

The number of cash coins which had to be strung together to form a string differed due to region, time period, or by the materials used in the manufacture thereof. For example, under the reign of the Tự Đức Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, one string of cash coins included 600 zinc coins, while during the later days of the French colonial period, a string of cash coins was 500 copper alloy coins. In Vietnam a string of cash coins had the nominal value of 1 Mexican peso or 1 French Indochinese piastre. During the late 19th century in Qing China, some currency systems were named after how many cash coins made up a string, such as the Jingqian (京錢, 'metropolitan cash') or Zhongqian (中錢), which was an exchange rate that was used in the capital city of Beijing. The Jingqian system allowed a nominal debt of 2 wén () which could be paid out using only one physical cash coin instead of two. In this system a string of Beijing cash coins () required only 500 cash coins as opposed to the majority of China, which used 1000 cash coins for a string (). Meanwhile, in the Dongqian (東錢, 'Eastern cash') system, an exchange rate used for cash coins in the Fengtian province, only 160 cash coins were needed to make up a string. During the Qing dynasty period, the term chuàn was used to designate long strings while the term diào was used to design short strings.

Although the term appeared frequently on banknotes, the only cash coin to have ever had the currency unit "String of cash coins" as a part of its inscription was the Nguyễn dynasty-era Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) 1 quán cash coin (準當一貫, chuẩn đang nhất quán), which was worth 600 văn (or 60 mạch).

Representations

System Representation
36011
UTF-8 E8 B2 AB
UTF-16 8C AB
UTF-32 00 00 8C AB
URL-Quoted %E8%B2%AB
HTML hex reference 貫
Wrong windows-1252 Mojibake 貫
Encoding: BIG5 (hex bytes) B3 65
Encoding: BIG5HKSCS (hex bytes) B3 65
Encoding: CP932 (hex bytes) 8A D1
Encoding: CP949 (hex bytes) CE BB
Encoding: CP950 (hex bytes) B3 65
Encoding: EUC_JP (hex bytes) B4 D3
Encoding: EUC_JIS_2004 (hex bytes) B4 D3
Encoding: EUC_JISX0213 (hex bytes) B4 D3
Encoding: EUC_KR (hex bytes) CE BB
Encoding: GBK (hex bytes) D8 9E
Encoding: GB18030 (hex bytes) D8 9E
Encoding: ISO2022_JP (hex bytes) 1B 24 42 34 53 1B 28 42
Encoding: ISO2022_JP_1 (hex bytes) 1B 24 42 34 53 1B 28 42
Encoding: ISO2022_JP_2 (hex bytes) 1B 24 42 34 53 1B 28 42
Encoding: ISO2022_JP_2004 (hex bytes) 1B 24 42 34 53 1B 28 42
Encoding: ISO2022_JP_3 (hex bytes) 1B 24 42 34 53 1B 28 42
Encoding: ISO2022_JP_EXT (hex bytes) 1B 24 42 34 53 1B 28 42
Encoding: ISO2022_KR (hex bytes) 1B 24 29 43 0E 4E 3B 0F
Encoding: JOHAB (hex bytes) E2 4B
Encoding: SHIFT_JIS (hex bytes) 8A D1
Encoding: SHIFT_JIS_2004 (hex bytes) 8A D1
Encoding: SHIFT_JISX0213 (hex bytes) 8A D1
Pīnyīn guàn

Related Characters

Confusables

Elsewhere

Complete Record

Property Value
Age (age) 1.1 (1993)
Unicode Name (na) CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CAB
Unicode 1 Name (na1)
Block (blk) CJK Unified Ideographs
General Category (gc) Other Letter
Script (sc) Han
Bidirectional Category (bc) Left To Right
Combining Class (ccc) Not Reordered
Decomposition Type (dt) none
Decomposition Mapping (dm) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Lowercase (Lower)
Simple Lowercase Mapping (slc) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Lowercase Mapping (lc) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Uppercase (Upper)
Simple Uppercase Mapping (suc) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Uppercase Mapping (uc) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Simple Titlecase Mapping (stc) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Titlecase Mapping (tc) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Case Folding (cf) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
ASCII Hex Digit (AHex)
Alphabetic (Alpha)
Bidi Control (Bidi_C)
Bidi Mirrored (Bidi_M)
Composition Exclusion (CE)
Case Ignorable (CI)
Changes When Casefolded (CWCF)
Changes When Casemapped (CWCM)
Changes When NFKC Casefolded (CWKCF)
Changes When Lowercased (CWL)
Changes When Titlecased (CWT)
Changes When Uppercased (CWU)
Cased (Cased)
Full Composition Exclusion (Comp_Ex)
Default Ignorable Code Point (DI)
Dash (Dash)
Deprecated (Dep)
Diacritic (Dia)
Emoji Modifier Base (EBase)
Emoji Component (EComp)
Emoji Modifier (EMod)
Emoji Presentation (EPres)
Emoji (Emoji)
Extender (Ext)
Extended Pictographic (ExtPict)
FC NFKC Closure (FC_NFKC) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Grapheme Cluster Break (GCB) Any
Grapheme Base (Gr_Base)
Grapheme Extend (Gr_Ext)
Grapheme Link (Gr_Link)
Hex Digit (Hex)
Hyphen (Hyphen)
ID Continue (IDC)
ID Start (IDS)
IDS Binary Operator (IDSB)
IDS Trinary Operator and (IDST)
IDSU (IDSU) 0
ID_Compat_Math_Continue (ID_Compat_Math_Continue) 0
ID_Compat_Math_Start (ID_Compat_Math_Start) 0
Ideographic (Ideo)
InCB (InCB) None
Indic Mantra Category (InMC)
Indic Positional Category (InPC) NA
Indic Syllabic Category (InSC) Other
Jamo Short Name (JSN)
Join Control (Join_C)
Logical Order Exception (LOE)
Modifier Combining Mark (MCM)
Math (Math)
Noncharacter Code Point (NChar)
NFC Quick Check (NFC_QC) Yes
NFD Quick Check (NFD_QC) Yes
NFKC Casefold (NFKC_CF) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
NFKC Quick Check (NFKC_QC) Yes
NFKC_SCF (NFKC_SCF) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
NFKD Quick Check (NFKD_QC) Yes
Other Alphabetic (OAlpha)
Other Default Ignorable Code Point (ODI)
Other Grapheme Extend (OGr_Ext)
Other ID Continue (OIDC)
Other ID Start (OIDS)
Other Lowercase (OLower)
Other Math (OMath)
Other Uppercase (OUpper)
Prepended Concatenation Mark (PCM)
Pattern Syntax (Pat_Syn)
Pattern White Space (Pat_WS)
Quotation Mark (QMark)
Regional Indicator (RI)
Radical (Radical)
Sentence Break (SB) Other Letter
Soft Dotted (SD)
Sentence Terminal (STerm)
Terminal Punctuation (Term)
Unified Ideograph (UIdeo)
Variation Selector (VS)
Word Break (WB) Other
White Space (WSpace)
XID Continue (XIDC)
XID Start (XIDS)
Expands On NFC (XO_NFC)
Expands On NFD (XO_NFD)
Expands On NFKC (XO_NFKC)
Expands On NFKD (XO_NFKD)
Bidi Paired Bracket (bpb) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Bidi Paired Bracket Type (bpt) None
East Asian Width (ea) wide
Hangul Syllable Type (hst) Not Applicable
ISO 10646 Comment (isc)
Joining Group (jg) No_Joining_Group
Joining Type (jt) Non Joining
Line Break (lb) Ideographic
Numeric Type (nt) none
Numeric Value (nv) not a number
Simple Case Folding (scf) Glyph for U+8CAB CJK Unified Ideograph-8CAB
Script Extension (scx)
Vertical Orientation (vo) U
Big Five Mapping (kBigFive) B365
CCCII Mapping (kCCCII) 21596E
CNS 11643-1986 Mapping (kCNS1986) 1-5D4B
CNS 11643-1992 Mapping (kCNS1992) 1-5D4B
Cangjie Input Code (kCangjie) WJBUC
kCantonese (kCantonese) gun3
kCihaiT (kCihaiT) 1271.101
kCowles (kCowles) 1825
kDaeJaweon (kDaeJaweon) 1668.010
Unihan Definition (kDefinition) a string of 1000 coins; to go through
kEACC (kEACC) 21596E
kFanqie (kFanqie) 古丸 古玩
kFenn (kFenn) 861B
kFennIndex (kFennIndex) 268.09
kFourCornerCode (kFourCornerCode) 7780.6
kGB1 (kGB1) 2565
kGSR (kGSR) 0159a
kGradeLevel (kGradeLevel) 4
kHKGlyph (kHKGlyph) 3900
kHanYu (kHanYu) 63628.150
kHangul (kHangul) 관:0E
kHanyuPinlu (kHanyuPinlu) guàn(91)
kHanyuPinyin (kHanyuPinyin) 63628.150:guàn,wān
kIICore (kIICore) ATJHKMP
kIRGDaeJaweon (kIRGDaeJaweon) 1668.010
kIRGHanyuDaZidian (kIRGHanyuDaZidian) 63628.150
kIRGKangXi (kIRGKangXi) 1205.170
kIRG_GSource (kIRG_GSource) G1-3961
kIRG_HSource (kIRG_HSource) HB1-B365
kIRG_JSource (kIRG_JSource) J0-3453
kIRG_KPSource (kIRG_KPSource) KP0-D4A2
kIRG_KSource (kIRG_KSource) K0-4E3B
kIRG_TSource (kIRG_TSource) T1-5D4B
kIRG_VSource (kIRG_VSource) V1-6823
kJapanese (kJapanese) カン ワン つらぬく ひく
kJapaneseKun (kJapaneseKun) TSURANUKU HIKU
kJapaneseOn (kJapaneseOn) KAN WAN
kJis0 (kJis0) 2051
kJoyoKanji (kJoyoKanji) 2010
kKangXi (kKangXi) 1205.170
kKarlgren (kKarlgren) 445
kKorean (kKorean) KWAN
kKoreanEducationHanja (kKoreanEducationHanja) 2007
kMandarin (kMandarin) guàn
kMatthews (kMatthews) 3566
kMeyerWempe (kMeyerWempe) 1279
kMojiJoho (kMojiJoho) MJ025013 MJ025013:E0102 MJ025014:E0103 MJ025015:E0104
kMorohashi (kMorohashi) 36681 36681:E0102
kNelson (kNelson) 2469
kPhonetic (kPhonetic) 762
Radical Stroke Count (Adobe Japan 1-6) (kRSAdobe_Japan1_6) C+1551+80.4.7 C+1551+154.7.4 V+13426+154.7.4
Radical Stroke Count (Unicode) (kRSUnicode) 154.4
kSBGY (kSBGY) 125.16 402.51
kSMSZD2003Index (kSMSZD2003Index) 664.04
kSMSZD2003Readings (kSMSZD2003Readings) guàn粵gun3
Simplified Variant (kSimplifiedVariant) Glyph for U+8D2F U+8D2F
Taiwanese Telegraph Code (kTaiwanTelegraph) 6306
kTang (kTang) guɑ̀n
Stroke Number (kTotalStrokes) 11
UnihanCore2020 Set (kUnihanCore2020) HJKMPT
Quốc ngữ Pronunciation (kVietnamese) quan
Xerox Code (kXerox) 251:120